Afri-Asiatica Familia de Afrika-Ifriqiya* and West Asia (Nubian teens from pic / Aswan Egypt)
The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family with about
375 living language (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout
North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Southwest Asia, and parts of the Sahel
(including some 300 million speakers) of (Arabic Dialects).
Afro-Asiatic also includes several ancient languages, such as
Ancient Egyptian, Biblical Hebrew, and Akkadian.
The term “Afroasiatic” was coined by Maurice Delafosse (1914). It did not come into general use until it was adopted by Joseph Greenberg
(1950) to replace the earlier term “Hamito-Semitic“, following his demonstration that Hamitic is not a valid language family.
The Hamitic family is located in Nile Valley’s Land of Ham, example. (Cush/ Nubia/ Egypt and West Asia).
The name is now most often spelled “Afro-Asiatic”, though both spellings are in use. Some replace “Afro-Asiatic” with “Afrasian”.
I myself often utter plain “ol’ Asiatic !”
Though i sometimes prefer, Afri-Asiatic-West Asian Individual scholars have called the family
“Erythraean” (Tucker 1966) and “Lisramic” (Hodge 1972).
The term “Hamito-Semitic” remains in use in the academic traditions of some European countries.
Afro-Asiatic is one of the four language families of Africa identified by
Joseph Greenberg in his book The Languages of Africa (1963).
It is the only one that extends outside of Africa, via the Semitic branch.
There are no generally accepted relations between Afro-Asiatics and any other language family.
The name “AFRICA “ came into Western use through the Romans… it is not the native name.
The “Original people of AfRICA” never referred to it by that name.
Africa/Egypt was called:
” Ta-Meri/ Ta-mery = ታመርይ,”… “Kampt /Kemit/kmt = ክምት ,”… or “Sais = ሳኢስ“… by Ancient Asiatic inhabitants…
The Romans used the name Africa terra — “land of the Afri” (plural, or “Afer” singular) — for the northern part of the continent,
“The North Africa Sahara” as the province of “Africa” with its capital “Carthage”, corresponding to modern-day Tunisia.
The origin of Afer may either come from:
Phoenician `afar, dust; -the Afri, a tribe—possibly Berber—who dwelt in North Africa in the Carthage area;
The Greek word aphrike, meaning without cold; -or The Latin word aprica, meaning sunny.
The Moorish historian Leo Africanus (1495-1554) attributed the origin to the
Greek word phrike (φρικε, meaning “cold and horror”),
combined with the negating prefix a-, so meaning, a land free of cold and horror.
But the change of sound from ph to f in Greek is datable to about the first century,
so this cannot really be the origin of the name…
Egypt was considered part of “ASIA” by the “Ancients,” and first assigned to “Africa” by the geographer Ptolemy (85 – 165 AD)
, who accepted Alexandria as Prime Meridian and made the isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea the “boundary” between Asia and Africa.
As Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of Africa expanded with their knowledge.
Afri (singular, Afer) was the Latin name for an ancient people located on the shores of the
Southern Mediterranean Sea near the city of Carthage, nowadays Tunisia.
The first record of their existence was made during the Punic Wars (264-146 BC) between ancient Rome and Carthage.
The name may be connected with Phoenician `afar, dust (also found in other Semitic languages), or with Berber `ifri, cave. Back in medieval history, Ifri-qi-ya or Ifriqiyah (Arabic: إفريقية) was the area comprising the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. This area included what had been the Roman province called Africa, whose name it inherited. (North Africa)…
Ifriqiya was bounded on the south by the semi-arid areas and salt marshes called el-Djerid. At various times, the rulers of this area also conquered Sicily and parts of mainland Italy, and the western boundary was in continual flux but usually went as far as Bejaia. Its capital was Qayrawan (Kairouan) in central Tunisia.
The classical historian Flavius Josephus asserted that the region had been invaded by
Descendants of Abraham‘s grandson Epher, who gave it their name.
Phoenicians:
The name Africa has been connected with the Phoenician word afar, which means ”dust.” It has also has been connected to two Phoenician terms friqi or pharika, which means “land of corn or fruit.” It has also been hypothesized that Africa may have derived from a Phoenician root faraqa or faraq, meaning “separation or diaspora.”
Romans:
The Romans have been given credit for popularizing the name Africa in the West. They used the name Africa terra meaning “land of the Afri” (or singular version “Afer”) for the northern part of the continent. Its capital was Carthage, which is modern-day Tunisia.
The story told by some historians is that the Romans got the term from the Carthaginians, as a native term for their country. The Latin suffix “-ica” can sometimes be used to denote a land (e.g., in Celtica from Celtae, as used by Julius Caesar).
Another theory is that the continent was named after the Roman general “Scicipio Africanus,” but his name meant “Sicipio of Africa,” which would mean the general was named for being from Africa.
Some say the term is drawn from the Latin adjective aprica (sunny).
Greeks:
The historian Leo Africanus (1495-1554) attributed the origin of “Africa” to the Greek word aprikē or aphrike. Phrike means cold and horror, when combined with the negating prefix a-, it means a land free of cold and horror.
Jewish:
The 1st century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus asserted that Africa was named for Epher, grandson of Abraham, according to the Bible’s Genesis 25:4, whose descendants invaded Libya. The Hebrew name for the continent, Auphirah is supposedly written as Ophir in many Jewish records.
Arabic:
Some have attributed the name to the later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya (sunny place) in modern-day Tunisia. However, the Arab version is considered by most historians to be a derivative of the Latin version.
Hindi:
Another theory is that the word might stem from Sanskrit and Hindi in which the root Apara or Africa denotes that which, in geographical terms, “comes after” or to the west — in which case Africa is the western continent.
Yemeni:
Some have postulated that it is the name of a Yemenite chief named Africus who invaded North Africa in the second millennium B.C. and founded a town called Afrikyah.
Berber:
A number of historians believe the Romans got the name from a corruption of what the Berbers called the region in which they lived. The theory asserts that “Africa” stems from the Berber ifri (plural ifran), the word for “cave,” in reference to cave dwellers. The same word is found in the name of the Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania, a Berber tribe originally from Yafran (also known as Ifrane) in northwestern Libya.
Egyptian:
A few historians argue that the word “Africa” is indigenous to the continent, and the idea that the Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Hindus or any Caucasoid group created the name Africa is absolutely inaccurate.
This theory asserts that Romans and Greeks began using the term only after coming in contact with African people, such as the Greek conquest of Egypt and the Roman conquest of North Africa and Egypt.
The term “Afru-ika” means “birthplace” or “Motherland,” according to historian Ivan Van Sertima. Af-rui-ka means “to turn toward the opening of the Ka, womb or birthplace.”
Another hypothesis is that the name of the 4th dynasty pharaoh, Kh-afre, reveals that an early Egyptian king had the name “Africa.” It’s believed by some that because modern Egyptologists and others often mix the order of the hieroglyphs that the ancients wrote Kh-afre is supposedly written as Afre-Kh or Africa.
July 10, 2009 at 2:33
Hello Bileh,
Very Informative Blog !!
Y–chromosomes results are M78/ V13 i have tested 67 markers and SNP tested.
Do you have any Idea on when or how the V13 Descendants of M78 got to Albania?
July 10, 2009 at 2:33
Hi Doug ! thanks for stopping by.
From what i gather, from studies I read on M78/ V13.
( M78/V13) Within Europe, E-V13 is especially common in the
Balkans and some parts of Italy.
In different studies,
particularly high frequencies have been observed in Kosovar Albanians (45.6%) (Peričic et al. (2005)),
Albanian speakers in the Republic of Macedonia (34.4%) (Battaglia et al. (2008)), and Peloponnesian Greeks (47%)
M78 originated in North East Africa, with a corridor for bidirectional migrations between
the Trans-Meditteranean Migrations directly from Northeast Africa to Europe and Asia minor
(mainly in the last 13.0 ky), as well as a flow from Northeast Africa to Western Asia (between 20.0 and 6.8 ky ago.)
A single clade within E-M78 (E-V13) highlights a range of migrations in the Bronze Age of southeastern Europe.
(below you will find the link to the genetic study).
I would also like to ask, where are you located
What Country/City ?
Did you test for mtDna as well, and
if so your assigned haplogroup ?
What Dna company did you use ?
http://dirkschweitzer.net/E3b-papers/MolecularBiologyandEvolution-07-24-6-1300.pdf
August 3, 2010 at 2:33
Hi Bileh,
I am Abdul and I have my Mother’s mtDNA More info:
Haplogroup – L0a1
HVR1 differences from CRS
16129A
16148T
16168T
16172C
16187T
16188G
16189C
16223T
16230G
16311C
16320T
HVR2 differences from CRS
93G
185A
189G
236C
247A
263G
315.1C
522-
523-
August 4, 2010 at 2:33
Welcome Abdul,
Thanks for stopping by and sharing your results..
Your Haplogroup Loa1 has East African Origin as well as migrations in East Africa, North Africa and SouthEast Africa..
Haplogroup L0a1 is found at 4% among Cushitic Speakers and 6% among the Amhara Ethiopians, it has frequencies of 4% among the Tigrais and 5% among the Ethiopian population. It can be seen at 3% with Yemenis and 10% of Mozambique population,
Three Ethiopian samples showed neither L0a1- nor L0a2-defining mutations and thus remain unclassified at the L0a level.
One of them even lacked the 16188 transversion characteristic of L0a but shared both its defining coding-region mutation at np 12720 and the 16148 mutation in HVS-I. Control-region sequences of the L0f type have been found so far at marginal frequencies only in East Africa, with the highest incidence (3/12) among the Iraqw population of Tanzania (Watson et al. 1997; Knight et al. 2003).
The phylogeny of the L0 clade in Ethiopians lends further credence to the idea that East Africa is the most likely source of Haplogroup L0a variation (Salas et al. 2002).
In addition to my findings your Haplogroup Loa1 can be found among
the Egyptian Population of Lower Egypt Alexandria
In a study on the Population of Brazil, also yields the following ethnics groups related to your
Haplogroup Loa1:
Mbundu, Cabinda, Santiago, Bakaka, Bassa, Daba, Ewondo, Fali, Kotoko, Mafa, Podokwo,
Tupuri, Uldeme, Afar-Ethiopians, Amhara-Ethiopians, Tigrai-Ethiopia-Eritrea, Balanta,
Beafada from Guinea Bissau, Bijagó, Djola, Fula Preto, Mancanha, Mandinga, Mansonca,
Nalu, Papel, Nairob, Turkana, Sena, Tswa, Forros, Mandenka, Limba, Loko, Temne, Nubians
REFERENCES:
Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking GenFlow:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182106/
Mitochondrial control region sequences from an Egyptian population sample
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1872497308001361
mtDNA Variation in the South African Kung Their Genetic RelationshipsAfrican Populations
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002929707601633
HVS-I sequences and coding-regions from São Paulo, Brazil:
http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/miscArchiv/000/106/059/Suppl_Table.pdf
MtDna Profile of West Guineans: Senegambia Regions:
http://www.africandna.com/ScienPapers/MtDNA_Profile_of_West_African_Guineans.pdf
mtDNA sequences of Chadic-speaking populations from northern Cameroon
suggest their affinities with eastern Africa:
http://informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03014460412331287182
Mitochondrial control region sequences from a U.S. “Hispanic” population sample
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1872497307003808
Mitochondrial control region sequences from an African American population sample
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1872497309000805
PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree L Van Oven M, Kayser M. 2009.
http://www.phylotree.org/tree/subtree_L.htm
May i ask what country are you located ?
Which company did you use to administer this test, and have you taken a FGS Test as well?
August 15, 2010 at 2:33
MY FATHER’S DNA E1b1a:
Thanks Bileh,
Before i answer your questions, please review my father’s DNA:PANEL 1 (1-12)
Locus
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
DYS#
393
390
19*
391
385a
385b
426
388
439
389-1
392
389-2
Alleles
13
21
15
10
16
18
11
12
13
13
10
31
PANEL 2 (13-25)
Locus
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
DYS#
458
459a
459b
455
454
447
437
448
449
464a**
464b**
464c**
464d**
Alleles
17
8
9
11
11
24
14
21
29
13
15
16
17
PANEL 3 (26-37)
Locus
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
DYS#
460
GATA H4
YCA II a
YCA II b
456
607
576
570
CDY a
CDY b
442
438
Alleles
10
11
19
19
15
14
15
21
32
34
11
11
PANEL 4 (38 – 47)
Locus
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
DYS#
531
578
395S1a
395S1b
590
537
641
472
406S1
511
Alleles
10
8
16
16
8
10
10
8
10
9
PANEL 4 (48 – 60)
Locus
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
DYS#
425
413a
413b
557
594
436
490
534
450
444
481
520
446
Alleles
12
20
22
18
11
12
13
13
7
11
28
21
13
PANEL 4 (61 – 67)
Locus
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
DYS#
617
568
487
572
640
492
565
Alleles
12
12
15
9
11
11
11
*Also known as DYS 394
**On 5/19/2003, these values were adjusted down by 1 point because of a change in Lab nomenclature.
***A value of “0” for any marker indicates that the lab reported a null value or no result for this marker. All cases of this nature are retested multiple times by the lab to confirm their accuracy. Mutations causing null values are infrequent, but are passed on to offspring just like other mutations, so related male lineages such as a father and son would likely share any null values.
August 16, 2010 at 2:33
Welcome Back, and Congratulations on your results.
You belong to Haplogroup E1b1a also known as M2
M2 can be found in 80% in Western Africa and 203% in Eastern Africa, but is also found in North Africa @ 28%
This group is also found in South Africa and West Asia’s Middle East and Parts of Europe and Mediterranean.
Wikipedia has the Origin of M2 as West Africa, But my finding shows a clear Eastern or North African Origin.
(I will try to update this information to wikipedia, in the near future)
The Distribution of these markers in other parts of Africa has usually been explained by
The ‘‘Bantu migrations (which occurred 3000-2500 B.C),’’ ?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_expansion
But their presence in the Nile Valley in Non- Bantu speakers Cannot be explained in this way…
Their existence is better explained by their being present in populations of the “Early Holocene Sahara”,
Who went on to people the Nile Valley in The mid-Holocene era (12,000 B.P.) according to Hassan (1988).
Haplogroup M2 also coincides with Egyptian/Nubian Halfan Culture 24,000 B.C. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfan
The Halfan people, of Egypt and Nubia flourished between 18,000 and 15,000 BC in Nubia and Egypt.
One Halfan site dates to before 24,000 BC.
M2- Date of Origin~ (20,000-30,000 B.P.)
This would also give the plausible assignment of the Nubian-M2 and the Ethiopian PN2 (35,000 B.P.) as the
“Progenitors”
of “Nubian-Egyptian/Halfan Culture”..
They lived on a diet of large herd animals and the Khormusan tradition of fishing.
Although there are only a few Halfan sites and they are small in size, there is a greater concentration of artifacts, indicating that this was not a people bound to seasonal wandering, but one that had settled, at least for a time.
The Halfan is seen as the Parent Culture of the Ibero-Maurusian industry which spread across the Sahara and into Spain.
E1b1a/M2 has an Origin Date of 20,000–30,000 B.P.
This occurred way long before the ‘‘Bantu migrations,’’
Which also do not explain the high frequency of M2 in Senegal, since there are “No Bantu speakers there either.”
Egyptian Y-chromosome frequency of E1b1a/M2:
Y-chromosome (IV) E-M2 is Diversified with
(1.2% Lower Egypt, (27.3%) Upper Egypt. And ( 39.1% ) in Lower Nubia/Nile Valley.
***************************************************************************************************************
This Haplogroup E1b1a/M2 is also in North Africa and the Levant:
Mauritania 8.0%, Algeria 8.5%, Libya 7.9% Supra Sahara Composite 4.4%
Lebanon 3.7% , Iraq 1.4% and Palestine 1.4%, Oriental Jews 1.8% and Sephardic Hebrews 8.4%
Haplogroup E1b1a has been found in 7.6% of a sample of Saudi Arabian population..
NOTE:
M2 collective Nubian-Egyptian 67.6% with the Addition of Eastern Tutsi’s @ 80%, as well as 52% among the
Kenyan Males and 3.4% with E-thi-op-ians… Garners Haplogroup M2 a Clear Unequivocal 203. % Eastern Distribution…
A deep clade test will give u a definitive haplogroup after the 67 marker test, however there are not many publications at this time, that has studies on these newly named subclades…
There are 34 subclades that you could belong to under E1b1a
http://thegeneticatlas.com/E-tree.htm
More Citations:
http://wysinger.homestead.com/keita6.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-7-
http://www.iijg.org/Documents/AVOTAYNU_XXIII_2.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/10/59
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1a_(Y-DNA)
Haplogroup E1b1a Melungeon/Mulatto by FTDNA
http://www.familytreedna.com/public/coremelungeon/default.aspx?section=yresults
P.S.
(please check article above for more information on E1b1a)
August 16, 2010 at 2:33
Thank you Bileh,
My testing was from “african DNA”. I hope these findings make us DNA cousins.
I enjoy your professional efforts to make all of us more human.
Again…
I thank you and I hope to keep your blogs as a future reference.
Hopefully you may have live forum sessions in the USA.
By the way…
I was born in North Carolina on Native American Land.
I am from the Howard/Butler clan. I have a file container on E1b1a in Europe, and Asia.…
Abdul
August 18, 2010 at 2:33
You are most welcome Abdul!
My paternal side of the Family is from Robeson County North Carolina, and we also share E1b1a/M2.
There are 34 subclades under this group, we all are definitely related genetically through the E1b1a Family..
Please continue to check out my blog for updates..