Dna Diversity Indigenous Egyptians at Gurna-Luxor contd..
Northern Egyptians are a bit more cosmopolitan in their ancestry 64.8% indigenous with Y-Haplogroup E family.
About 20% of the Y chrom0somes are Near Eastern in Origin, and 10.5 % are Haplogroup R , Y- chromosomes. However, some of these Near Eastern and European Y chromosomes show an ancient entry to Africa (G, K2, R1a, R1b are 8,000 B.P. and older) and any historical contribution from foreign men is more likely to be in the 15% area. Divided by two (no recent female contribution to speak of). This makes non-dynastic Egyptian population around the 7% mark in Lower Egypt; and only some of this is Arab.
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Diversity of 58 individuals from
Upper Egypt, more than half (34 individuals) from Gurna,
Whose population has an Ancient Cultural History, Were studied by sequencing The Control-Region and screening diagnostic RFLP markers.
This Sedentary Population:
(meaning= inhabiting the same location through out life, non nomadic)
Presented similarities to the Ethiopian Population by the
Haplogroups L1 and L2 macrohaplogroup frequency (20.6%), by the
West Eurasian component (defined by Haplogroups H to K and T to X) and Particularly by a High frequency (17.6%) of Afri-Asiatic Haplogroup M1.
Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity from Upper Egypt (Gurna)sedentary population …
As for the maternal (mother’s) inheritance; this is more varied. From a study at Gurna
(of modern Upper Egyptians): Haplogroups;
H 14.7%, I 5.9%, J 5.9%, L0a* 11.1%, L1* 4.9%, L2a1* 20%,
L3* 11.0%, M1 14.9%, N1b 8.8%, T 5.9%, U 8.8%, L2* 2.0%
U4 5.9%, U6 2.9%, L3e* 4.0%, L3b* 1.9%, L1c* 1.0%
L2b* 2.0%. L1b* 4.9%, L3f*6.9%. L3d*1.0%.
Percentages above are based on mtdna frequencies of
Southern Upper Egypt/Nile Valley collectively..
Percentages below are based on mtdna frequency in
Northern Alexandria/Lower Egypt ( Saunier July 2008)..
The Breakdown is predominantly European 67.5% followed by African @ 20.6% and Asian @ 11.9%.
European: R0 and subgroups (31.4%), I (3.2%), J (7.6%), K (4.7%), T (9.4%), U (9.0%), W (0.7%) X (1.4%)
African Haplogroups: L0 (2.2%), L1 (2.5%), L2 (3.6%) and L3 (12.3%)..
Asiatic Haplogroups: M (6.9%) and N (5.1%)
Results:
The Egyptian Population Data set has a Low Random Match Probability..
The Egyptian Population also shows a Large number of Unique Haplotypes,
Therefore indicating a High mtDna Diversity within the Country…
Overall 238 different haplotypes were defined by 228 variable positions.
Of the 238 different Haplotypes, 31 were shared within the database of 277 individuals.
The Haplotype most common in this dataset was observed in five individuals…
There were 17 points of Heteroplasmy identified in 15 individuals (5.4% of the database)
At 16 positions: One Sample indicated three positions of point heteroplasmy>
(16519, 73 and 195)…
Other remarks: Egypt is distinctive Bio-geographically, as it is centrally located,
Among three surrounding continents its home Africa, Asia and Europe..
(which group belongs to your mother ? )…..
Of these, The L haplotypes are Nilotic and Indigenous and are typically Supra and sub Saharan..
Haplogroup L2a (mtDNA) has notable frequencies of 22% among the
Hebrew Affiliated Fulani of Nile Valley to Niger to The Gambia
They are at least 70,000-111,100 B.P. The Oldest in Egypt !!
L2a1 also has (49%) MtDna collectively in,
Sudan, Nile- Valley/Nubia, Ethiopia, and Egypt
(from the White Nile to the Blue Nile)..
(the Nile Valley Civilizations)……
L2a is also in the Great Rift Valley regions @
16% Kenya/Sudan and 33% in Mozambique.
Today, the term is most often used to refer to
The Valley of the East African Rift,
The divergent plate boundary which extends from
The Afar Triple Junction southward
Across Eastern Africa, and is in the process of splitting
The African Plate into two new separate plates.
Geologists generally refer to these incipient plates as
The Nubian and Somalian subplates or protoplates.
As for haplogroups M1 and U, they are African/Westasian/Eurasian haplotypes, at 30,000 B.P.
Other West-asian/Eur-asian, Haplotypes have been found in 12,000 year old bones in Morocco.
Haplogroups N and I Mtdna are possibly attributable to Arab ancestry, about 15% non-Arab in upper Egypt. But still, most of that would easily be attributable to the Neolithic input from “AsiA” very little of this would be attributable to Arabs.
To sum up, there doesn’t seem to be majority ‘Arab’ genetic component to the Egyptian DNA pool, 20% absolute maximum. A lot of the non African DNA is traceable to the Neolithic farming expansion that swept across North Africa, so it would be a lot lower in reality.
In upper Egypt a maximum of 20% of the Y chromosomes are Non –African.
{My Mother’s mtDNA L2a1 has been shown to be prevalent in North Africa }..
{Since the Dynastic times, of Ethiopian-Nubian and Egyptian Kingdoms} …..
So how these people are supposed to have “Magically Changed” appearance in the past few thousand
years with so little foreign input I’d like to know…
Egyptians are Indigenous “African-Egyptian”, Not Euro/Arabs.. They are in essence “African-Arabs”.
They are part African/Asiatics: (Hamito-Semitic) and are members of
The Nile Valley and the Great Rift Valley , which could be equally known as
The East African Rift , Nile Valley Civilizations…
(“Nile Valley, “North Africa”, “Horn of Africa” and “West Asian Arab Africans”.)
{copy and paste national geographic link on egyptian mummies and dna}
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/06/080606-egypt-mummies.html
An important influence on the subsequent genetic landscape
Of the continent is likely to have been the LGM.
Paleovegetational studies have indicated that, between 30,000 and 11,000 years ago,
Much of the continent was extremely arid (Adams and Faure 1997).
The Sahara advanced hundreds of kilometers further south, and the Equatorial Rainforests
Were reduced to a small fraction of their present size, leaving open woodland and savanna in much of the Congo basin.
This may have formed a refuge area from which modern humans later dispersed:
Some with haplogroup L2a East and West, with L1b west;
Perhaps even some with L1a East and L1d Southward.
The origins of these expansions may lie earlier,
At the beginnings of the Later Stone Age, ~40,000 years ago.
The Valley of the Queens, is a place in Egypt where wives of Pharaohs were buried in ancient times. In ancient times, it was known as Ta-Set-Neferu, meaning –‘the place of the Children of the Pharaoh’, because along with the Queens of the 18th, 19th and 20th dynasties (1550–1070 BCE) many princes and princesses were also buried with various members of the nobility. The tombs of these individuals were maintained by mortuary priests who performed daily rituals and provided offerings and prayers for the deceased nobility.
The distributions and ages of L1a, L1c/L3e, and L1d testify to the habitation of East, and Central, and southern Africa, respectively, by modern humans, ~40,000 years ago.
Similarly, L1b, L3b, and L3d imply that West Africa has been inhabited since at least 20,000–30,000 years ago.
Haplogroup L1b is concentrated in West Africa, with some overflow into Central and North Africa
(particularly geographically adjacent areas, connected by the West African coastal pathway)
but little in East, southeastern, or southern Africa.
It is also common in so called African Americans
(~27% of all L1b-types in the database)
By contrast, the commoner haplogroup L3b (fig. 8c) is predominantly West African,
with a substantial representation again in today’s socalled African Americans.
It has also spilled over into North Africa and on into the Near East as well.
And Its sister clade, Haplogroup L3d (fig. 9a), is also mainly West African and African American.
A number of types are found in SouthEastern Africa, including one type (in L3d1), matching a Fulbe/Fulani lineage,
At considerable elevated Frequencies.
L3e (fig. 9b) is the most widespread, frequent, and ancient of the African L3 clades, comprising approximately one-third of all L3 types in sub-Saharan Africa.
This haplogroup has recently been dissected in some detail by Bandelt et al. (2001),
Who suggest an origin for the haplogroup in the Central Africa/Sudan region ~45,000 years ago.
As they recognized, L3e1 in particular is common amongst SouthEastern African Bantu speakers,
Along with some L3e2 and L3e3 lineages.
L3e also represents approximately one-third of all African mtDNA lineages in Brazil.
Alves-Silva et al. (2000)
Finally, there are two small sister clades, L3e3 and L3e4.
L3e3 is primarily West African,But with its root type present at elevated frequency in the
Southeast and with some southeastern African derivatives. There is also a Kenyan/Kikuyu derivative,
Again raising a possible connection with the Eastern stream.
L3e4 is present in East, Central, and West Africa, with One individual in the Southeast,
But is too rare to draw conclusions from.
The area occupied by Cameroon is not always considered as part of the geographic region known as West Africa.
Taking into account its haplogroup composition it could also be considered a genetic outsider.
There are numerous lineages
(L0a, L0a1a, L0a2, L2a1e, L4g, and L5)
that have a more Central-Eastern than Western Assignation.
(Pereira et al. 2001; Salas et al. 2002; Kivisild et al. 2004).
The L4g haplogroup is most frequent in Eastern and
NorthEastern Africa and was previously Dated to 
40–45 kya
(Salas et al. 2002
; Kivisild et al. 2004).
Haplogroup L4g (previously designated L3g) is present in both Eastern Tanzanian
Click-speaking populations at high frequencies (60% Hadza, 48% Sandawe) but is Absent in the SAK.
History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDna …
The only L4 Saudi haplotype belongs to the L4a1 subclade defined by 16207T/C transversion.
Although it has no exact matches its most related types are found in Ethiopia [30].
Four L5 lineages have been found in Saudi Arabia but all have the same
Haplotype that belongs to the L5a1 subclade defined in the
HVSI region by the 16355–16362 motif [30]. It has matches in Egypt and Ethiopia.
L6 was found the Most Abundant clade in Yemen [30].
BioMed Central | Macro-Haplogroup L mtDNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula …
HAPLOGROUP L2A:
Haplogroup L2a is Nilotic and the most common and widely distributed sub- Saharan African Haplogroup and is also frequent in the Americas (~19%).
The wide distribution of L2a in Africa makes identifying geographical origins of lineages difficult.
(Excerpt from: The African Diaspora: Mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic Slave Trade)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/pmc/articles/PMC1182259/
The Main Puzzle is the almost Ubiquitous Haplogroup L2a,
Which we suggest may have become”Prevalent “somewhere in
North-Central Africa { Prehistoric Central North Africa }
Spreading East and West along the Sahel, during the Last Glacial Period or some what earlier..
Example: Modern day Sahel, Tunisia near Libya and Algeria..
Note: The Jerba Islands of Tunisia/Carthage is located in South Eastern Tunisia,
Tunisia, is inhabited by four ethnic groups: Berbers, Arabs, sub-Saharans, and Jews/Hebrews.
(click link below for isolated Sub/Supra Saharan mtdna of jerba/tunisia)
Isolated Haplogroups of Jerba Island Tunisia: L1b, L2a1, L2a1c1, L2d2, L3b, L3b1, L3e1a, L3f, M and U
The Island of Jerba/Tunisia is said to be Inhabited First, by the Descendants of the Mousterian Population
Between the 5th and 6th Millienia B.C. (Tlatli, 1967), Who were later replaced by Berbers of the Ketama
and Lemata tribes ( Khaldoun 1852).
The First Arab settlement on the Island Occurred in the 7th Century A.D.
Another study shows results also point to a less Ancient western sub-Saharan gene flow to Tunisia, including Haplogroups L2a and L3b.
This conclusion points to an Ancient African gene flow to Tunisia before 20,000 BP.
These findings parallel the more recent findings of both archaeology and linguistics on the prehistory of Africa.
The present work suggests that sub-Saharan contributions to North Africa have experienced several complex population processes after the occupation of the region by anatomically modern humans.
Our results reveal that Berber speakers have a foundational biogeographic root in Africa and that deep African lineages have continued to evolve in supra-Saharan Africa.
PCR AMPLIFICATIONS:
PCR amplification of (a) 27 selected NumtS in 4 healthy subjects from
Different ethnic groups ex.. L2a1-c1/16086C in (North Africa) Figure 2
Costa‘s link to mtDna diversity of Tunisia
Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian …
BioMed Central | Full text | The RHNumtS compilation: North Africa L2a1c1…
Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers.pdf
Tunisia’s reproductive mtDna groups Isolates on Jerba Island.pdf
RootsWeb: GENEALOGY-DNA-L [DNA] mtDNA sequences from Tunisian …
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/Tunisia and Morrocan Haplogroup L
mtDNA Haplogroup L 72.5% diversity in Sudan (East Africa)
Mitochondrial DNA L2a and L3a Variation in Mauritania and Mali
RootsWeb: GENEALOGY-DNA-L [DNA] New Egyptian mtDNA sequences
European Journal of Human Genetics – Table 1 for article: The Canary Islands and North Central/NW Africa…
Haplogroup L2a has frequencies of 14% among Algerian Arab/Berbers and
10% among Bilād al-Sūs Morrocan Arab/Berbers in
The Sousse Valley North Africa..
We recognize, however, that the origins of these haplogroups may be more ancient than we can trace
(L2, for example, may be well >70,000 years old )….. and that, in such cases,
evidence of the earlier distribution of these clusters may have been erased by subsequent demographic processe.
We have attempted partly to disentangle the structure of L2a, retaining as irreducible on present evidence three major squares close to the root of the cluster. These reticulations link eight main clusters by single-step mutations.
We assume that the main reticulations of the network are due to the existence of rapid transitions at positions 16189 and 16192
(Howell et al. 2000), which approach saturation due to the high time depth of African lineages.
We also assume that position 16309 is more stable than the two known fast sites and therefore is not responsible for the main reticulations.
On these grounds, clusters α1-α2-α3, as well as β1-β2-β3, might be collapsed into two main clusters,
One of them with the basal motif of “(L2a)” and the other harboring the transition at “16309″ (L2a1).
Several instances in which 16309 must nevertheless evolve in parallel can then be read off the network …..
Full report link below on genetic mtdna migrations:
Haplogroup L2a can be further divided into L2a1, harboring the transition at 16309 (Salas et al. 2002).
The most extensive pan-African haplotype
(16189 16192 16223 16278 16294 16309 16390) is in the L2a1 haplogroup.
This sequence is also observed in West Africa among the Malinke, Wolof, and others; in
North Africa among the Maure, Hausa, Fulbe, Tuaregs , Hebrews and others; in
Central Africa among the Bamileke, Fali, and others; in South Africa among the
Khoisan family including the Khwe and Bantu speakers; and in
East Africa among the Kenyan/Kikuyu. Closely related variants are observed among
The Tuareg in North and West Africa and among the
East African Dinka of Sudan and Eastern Somalians. (Ely et. al. 2006; Watson et al. 1997).
Also striking is the presence in Sakai, Mani of Thailand of an unequivocal representative
With this motif (16223–16274–16278–16294– 16309)
Of the sub-Supra Saharan African L2a haplogroup (Torroni et al. 2001),
Which again is compatible with the physical characteristics of this Negrito group.
Although the suggestion that the first spreading out of Africa of modern humans could have carried
some L2 lineages in addition to the L3 ancestors (Watson et al. 1997)…
(Note: my thoughts are the Sakai, and Mani people of Thailand who genetically belong to the
Motif: 16223–16274–16278–16294– 16309 could very well belong to L2a1 by 16309 as according to the updated
Haplogroup Phylotree 2010 by Van Mannis) ex: Coding region 12693, 15784, and HVS1: (16309) for L2a1.
A compliation 0f 185 mtDNAs sampled across North Africa showed that about Half of the
Lineages belonged to the L Haplogroups otherwised observed mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa
And that most of the rest fell into Haplogroup U6 (Sala et al. 2002) Which perhaps Originated
In the Near East and Spread into North Africa ~30 thousand years (KY) ago (KYA) (Maca-Meyer et. al. 2003).
A proportion of 1/4 to 1/2 of North African female pool is made of typical sub-Saharan lineages, in higher frequencies as geographic proximity to sub-Saharan Africa increases.
The distribution of the main L haplogroups in North Africa somewhat reflects the known trans-Saharan slave routes:
West is dominated by L1b, L2b, L2c, L2d, L3b and L3d;
the Center by L3e and some L3f and L3w;
the East by L0a, L3h, L3i, L3x and, in common with the Center, L3f and L3w;
while, the ubiquitous Haplogroup L2a is almost everywhere.
Another major contribution to the pool of North Afri- can populations was the sub-Saharan one.
It is known that a proportion of 1/4 to 1/2 of North African female pool is made of typical sub-Saharan lineages
(designated as haplogroups L0-L6)
Japan mtDna Genome Variation in Sakai Eastern Asia from Thailand…
Joshua Project – Sakai, Mani of Thailand Ethnic People
The mtDna of the trans-Saharan slave trade
HAPLOGROUP L2a
mtDNA phylo tree Build 10 (10 Aug 2010)
PhyloTree.org | sub-haplogroup |Haplogroup L
The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape
Mitotool.org Macro-Haplogroup L PhyloTree and Ethnic Groups..
Comparison of Craniofacial features of African-Asiatic Human Groups.
Evidence of the Early Penetration of socalled Negroes in Prehistoric Egypt”
Click link for Origin Date of mtDna>{TB5}
| L2a1 |
33,700 (13,400) B.P. |
| L2d |
121,900 (34,200) B.P. |
| L3e1a |
26,750 (12,000) B.P. |
| L3e1 |
32,150 (11,450) B.P. |
| L1c2 |
44,100 (10,650) B.P. |
University College London 2004. mtdna study..
Afterword:
According to the profile of West African Dna study, on
Nilotic – Haplogroup L2a
The Percentages clearly shows an clear Eastern Distribution:
Eastern Africa 82%,
Western African 69%,
North-West African 27%,
South Africans 3% Kung Khwe
As well as Cabo Verde Islands 20% and
Fulani people from East-West, Central and North Africa at 22%
Chart on pg.5 (click counter clock-wise to view)
Shows Sahara, Horn of Africa and Congo regions as Well as Krings 1999. Nile Valley mtdna% ....
Click Link below:
http://www.africandna.com/ScienPapers/MtDNA_Profile_of_West_African_Guineans.pdf
North Africans tend to cluster with West Africans, suggesting that the sub-Saharan component of
North Africans Originates primarily from West rather than East Africa
(as expected, on geographical grounds).
Unlike other North Africans, Egyptians are closer to East Africans
than to West Africans. [Rando et al. 1999].)
PC2 has a large contribution from the Eastern lineage groups L3g and L3*;
However L2a, L1b1a, and L3e2* also make a similar contribution.
And though Egypt in the North as well, Egyptians tend to Genetically cluster with East Africans
mtDna Lineages of Ethiopians, Egyptians and Hebrew Yemenis, Populations MDS plot (fig.3)
Clustered together with the Egyptian Population…
In between the Near Eastern and West African as well as Southern African Clusters.
It is interesting that both Semitic and Cushitic Speaking Populations of Ethiopia,
Were close to each other and did not reveal significant differences…
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/pmc/articles/PMC1182106/
A recent study on mtDNA suggested that modern Nubians and Egyptians are much more similar to one another than either is to southern Sudanese populations and that the divergence between the two northern populations may have occurred during the past few hundred or few thousand years (Krings et al. 1999).
Forensic Misclassification of Ancient Nubia:
http://www.cas.gsu.edu/anthropology/images/ANTH/Forensic_Misclassification_PDF.pdf
- TRG presents..Billy Gamble the Warriors on iTunes…Custom made Gucci- Adidas Sneakers by Alhassan Tou’re { www.touredesigns.com}
NOTE: Haplgroup L2a being prevalent in North-Central Africa with an Origin Date of 55,150 B.P.
Would place L2a in the Upper Paleolithic era in North Africa beginning around 50,000 years before the present (ybp),
As well as the Mousterian Pluvial period circa 50,000 B.C. and lasting 20,000 years, and finally ending around 30,000 ybp.
Archaeologist Richard G. Klein, argues that almost everywhere, whether Asia or Africa or Europe, before 50,000 years ago
All the stone tools are very much alike and Unsophisticated.
However after 50,000 years ago there is “Sharp Increase” in the diversity of Artifacts.
For the First Time Bone Artifacts, and the First Art appear in the fossil record in Africa.
The First Evidence of Human Fishing is also noted from Artifacts in places like Blombos cave in South Africa.
After 50,000 years ago, Firstly in Africa, it was found that Human Artifacts could be placed into Many different categories,
such as {Projectile Points, Engraving Tools, Knife Blades, and Drilling and Piercing Tools}
All of the above are Found in (Al’kebu-lan) AFRICA...
Frequencies of North West- East Asiatic Africans
(Haplogroup L, mtdna % chart)
| Origin |
Population |
Number tested |
‘ |
% |
| East Africa |
Somalia |
26 |
Watson et al. (1997) |
50.00% |
| East Africa |
Sudan |
112 |
Afonso et al. (2008) |
72.50% |
| East Africa |
Ethiopia |
270 |
Kivisild et al. (2004) |
52.20% |
| North Africa |
Libya (Jews) |
83 |
Behar et al. (2008) |
3.60% |
| North Africa |
Tunisia (Jews) |
37 |
Behar et al. (2008) |
2.20% |
| North Africa |
Morocco (Jews) |
149 |
Behar et al. (2008) |
1.34% |
| North Africa |
Tunisia |
64 |
Turchi et al. (2009) |
48.40% |
| North Africa |
Tunisia (Takrouna) |
33 |
Frigi et al. (2006) |
3.03% |
| North Africa |
Tunisia (Zriba) |
50 |
Turchi et al. (2009) |
8.00% |
| North Africa |
Morocco |
56 |
Turchi et al. (2009) |
26.80% |
| North Africa |
Morocco (Berbers) |
64 |
Turchi et al. (2009) |
3.20% |
| North Africa |
Algeria (Mozabites) |
85 |
Turchi et al. (2009) |
12.90% |
| North Africa |
Algeria |
47 |
Turchi et al. (2009) |
20.70% |
| Europe |
Italy (Latium) |
138 |
Achilli et al. (2007) |
2.90% |
| Europe |
Italy (Volterra) |
114 |
Achilli et al. (2007) |
2.60% |
| Europe |
Italy (Basilicata) |
92 |
Ottoni et al. (2009) |
2.20% |
| Europe |
Italy (Sicily) |
154 |
Ottoni et al. (2009) |
2.00% |
| Europe |
Spain |
312 |
Alvarez et al. (2007) |
2.90% |
| Europe |
Spain (Galicia) |
92 |
Pereira et al. (2005) |
3.30% |
| Europe |
Spain (North East) |
118 |
Pereira et al. (2005) |
2.54% |
| Europe |
Spain (Priego de Cordoba) |
108 |
Casas et al. (2006) |
8.30% |
| Europe |
Spain (Zamora) |
214 |
Alvarez et al. (2010) |
4.70% |
| Europe |
South Iberia |
310 |
Casas et al. (2006) |
7.40% |
| Europe |
Spain (Canaries) |
300 |
Brehm et al. (2003) |
6.60% |
| Europe |
Spain (Balearic Islands) |
231 |
Picornell et al. (2005) |
2.20% |
| Europe |
Portugal |
594 |
Achilli et al. (2007) |
6.90% |
| Europe |
Portugal |
549 |
Pereira et al. (2005) |
5.83% |
| Europe |
Portugal (North) |
187 |
Pereira et al. (2005) |
3.21% |
| Europe |
Portugal (Central) |
239 |
Pereira et al. (2005) |
5.02% |
| Europe |
Portugal (South) |
123 |
Pereira et al. (2005) |
11.38% |
| Europe |
Portugal (Madeira) |
155 |
Brehm et al. (2003) |
12.90% |
| Europe |
Portugal (Açores) |
179 |
Brehm et al. (2003) |
3.40% |
| Middle East |
Yemen |
115 |
Kivisild et al. (2004) |
45.70% |
| Middle East |
Yemen (Jews) |
119 |
Behar et al. (2008) |
16.81% |
| Middle East |
Bedouins (Israel) |
58 |
Behar et al. (2008) |
15.50% |
| Middle East |
Palestinians (Israel) |
117 |
Achilli et al. (2007) |
13.68% |
| Middle East |
Jordania |
494 |
Achilli et al. (2007) |
12.50% |
| Middle East |
Iraq |
116 |
Achilli et al. (2007) |
9.48% |
| Middle East |
Syria |
328 |
Achilli et al. (2007) |
9.15% |
| Middle East |
Saudi Arabia |
120 |
Abu-Amero et al. (2007) |
6.66% |
| Middle East |
Lebanon |
176 |
Achilli et al. (2007) |
2.84% |
| Middle East |
Druzes (Israel) |
77 |
Behar et al. (2008) |
2.60% |
| Middle East |
Kurds |
82 |
Achilli et al. (2007) |
2.44% |
| Middle East |
Turkey |
340 |
Achilli et al. (2007) |
1.76% |
| South America |
Colombia (Antioquia) |
113 |
Bedoya et al. (2006) |
8.00% |
| South America |
Mexico (North-Central) |
223 |
Green et al. (2000) |
4.50% |
| South America |
Argentina |
246 |
Corach et al. (2009) |
2.03% |
Funerary Boat from Egypt Middle Kingdom 12th Dynasty
Mitochondrial control region sequences from an Egyptian population …
Mtdna Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt.
National Geographic Magazine -Ancient Egyptian Origins .
Ancient Egyptian Origins
ብልልይ።ጋምብለ
Egyptian Y-chromosome Diversity @ Luxor
Haplogroup E’s 
Afro-Asiatic Arabs of Africa..
